[1] Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. Hurford & M. StuddertKennedy (Eds.), Approaches to the evolution of language: social and cognitive bases. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

[2] Batali, J. (2002). The negotiation and acquisition of recursive grammars as a result of competition among exemplars. In T. Briscoe (Ed.), Linguistic evolution through language acquisition: formal and computational models. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

[3] Belpaeme, T. (2001). Simulating the formation of color categories. In B. Nebel (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'01), (pp. 393--398). San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.

[4] Clark, H. H. (1996). Using Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

[5] De Boer, B. (1999). Self-Organisation in Vowel Systems. Ph.D. thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel AI-lab.

[6] de Boer, B. & Vogt, P. (1999). Emergence of speech sounds in changing populations. In D. Floreano, J.D. Nicoud, & F. Mondada (Eds.), Advances in Artifical Life, volume 1674 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, (pp. 664--673). Berlin: Springer Verlag.

[7] de Saussure, F. (1916). Course in General Linguistics. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court. Translated by Roy Harris. This edition 1986.

[8] Elman, J., Bates, E., et al. (1996). Rethinking innateness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[9] Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics, volume 3: Speech Acts, (pp. 41--58). New York: Academic Press.

[10] Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.) (1995). Sound Symbolism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

[11] Hurford, J. (1989). Biological evolution of the Saussurean sign as a component of the language acquisition device. Lingua, 77 , 187--222.

[12] Kaplan, F. (2000). L'�emergence d'un lexique dans une population d'agents autonome. Ph.D. thesis, Universit�e Paris 6, Sony CSL-Paris.

[13] Kirby, S. (2000). Syntax without natural selection: How compositionality emerges from vocabulary in a population of learners. In C. Knight, J. Hurford, & M. Studdert-Kennedy (Eds.), The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

[14] Kirby, S. (2001). Spontaneous evolution of linguistic structure: an iterated learning model of the emergence of regularity and irregularity. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 5 , 102--110.

[15] Kirby, S. (2002). Natural language from artificial life. Artificial Life, 8 , 185--215.

[16] Landauer, T., Foltz, P., & Laham, D. (1998). Introduction to latent semantic analysis. Discourse Processes, 25 , 259--284.

[17] MacWhinney, B. (Ed.) (1999). The emergence of language. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

[18] Nowak, M. A. & Krakauer, D. C. (1999). The evolution of language. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 96 , 8028--8033.

[19] Nowak, M. A., Plotkin, J. B., & Jansen, V. A. (2000). The evolution of syntactic communication. Nature, 404 , 495--498.

[20] Oliphant, M. (1999). The learning barrier: Moving from innate to learned systems of communication. Adaptive Behavior , 7 .

[21] Oliphant, M. & Batali, J. (1996). Learning and the emergence of coordinated communication. Center for research on language newsletter , 11 .

[22] Pfeifer, R. & Scheier, C. (1999). Understanding Intelligence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[23] Sapir, E. (1929). A study in phonetic symbolism. Journal of Experimental Psychology , 12 , 225--239.

[24] Seyfarth, R. M. & Cheney, D. L. (1997). Some general features of vocal development in nonhuman primates. In C. T. Snowdon & M. Hausberger (Eds.), Social influences on vocal development , (pp. 249--273). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

[25] Smith, A. D. (2001). Establishing communication systems without explicit meaning transmission. In J. Kelemen & P. Sos��k (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Life (Proceedings 6th European Conference on Artificial Life, Prague), volume 2159 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin: Springer.

[26] Smith, K. (2002). The cultural evolution of communication in a population of neural networks. Connection Science, 14 , 65--84.

[27] Smith, K. (2003). Natural selection and cultural selection in the evolution of communication. Adaptive Behavior . To appear.

[28] Steels, L. (1997). Self-organising vocabularies. In C. Langton & K. Shimohara (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Artificial Life: Synthesis and Simulation of Living System, (pp. 179--184). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[29] Steels, L. (1997). The synthetic modeling of language origins. Evolution of Communication, 1 , 1--35.

[30] Steels, L. (1998). The origins of syntax in visually grounded robotic agents. Artificial Intelligence, 103 , 133--156.

[31] Steels, L. & Kaplan, F. (1998). Stochasticity as a source of innovation in language games. In C. Adami, R. Belew, H. Kitano, & C. Taylor (Eds.), Proceedings of Artificial Life VI , (pp. 368--376). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[32] Steels, L., Kaplan, F., McIntyre, A., & Van Looveren, J. (2002). Crucial factors in the origins of word-meaning. In A. Wray (Ed.), The Transition to Language. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

[33] Tomasello, M. (Ed.) (1998). The New Psychology of Language: Cognitive and Functional Approaches to Language Structure. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

[34] von Humboldt, W. (1836). On Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Translated from the German by Peter Heath. This edition 1988.

[35] Zuidema, W. (2003). How the poverty of the stimulus solves the poverty of the stimulus. In S. Becker, S. Thrun, & K. Obermayer (Eds.), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 15 (Proceedings of NIPS'02). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (forthcoming).

[36] Zuidema, W. (2003). Optimal communication in a noisy and heterogeneous environment. Submitted to the European Conference on Artificial Life.

[37] Zuidema, W. & Westermann, G. (2001). Towards formal models of embodiment and self-organization of language. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Developmental Embodied Cognition. Edinburgh, UK, July 2001.