Ackley, D. and M. Littman (1992). Interactions between learning and evolution. In C. Langton, C. Taylor, J. Farmer, and S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Artificial Life 2, pp. 487-509. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Ackley, D. and M. Littman (1994). Altruism in the evolution of communication. In R. Brooks and P. Maes (Eds.), Artificial Life 4: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, pp. 40-48. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Baldwin, J. M. (1896). A new factor in evolution. American Naturalist 30, 441-451.

Batali, J. (1994). Innate biases and critical periods: Combining evolution and learning in the acquisition of syntax. In R. Brooks and P. Maes (Eds.), Artificial Life 4: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, pp. 160-171. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy, and C. Knight (Eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: social and cognitive bases, pp. 405-426. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Batali, J. (in press). The negotiation and acquisition of recursive grammars as a result of competition among exemplars. In E. Briscoe (Ed.), Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Belew, R., J. McInerney, and N. N. Schraudolph (1992). Evolving networks: Using the genetic algorithm with connectionist learning. In C. Langton, C. Taylor, J. Farmer, and S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Artificial Life 2, pp. 511-547. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Bloom, P. (2000). How Children Learn the Meanings of Words. MIT Press.

Bloom, P. and L. Gleitman (2001). Language acquisition. In R. A. Wilson and F. Keil (Eds.), The MIT Encyclopaedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Brighton, H. and S. Kirby (2001). The survival of the smallest: Stability conditions for the cultural evolution of compositional language. In J. Kelemen and P. Sosik (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Life (Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Artificial Life). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

Brown, R. and C. Hanlon (1970). Derivational complexity and order of acquisition in child speech. In J. R. Hayes (Ed.), Cognition and the Development of Language. New York: Wiley.

Bullock, S. (1997). An exploration of signalling behaviour by both analytic and simulation means for both discrete and continuous models. In P. Husbands and I. Harvey (Eds.), Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life, pp. 454-463. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Cangelosi, A. (1999). Modelling the evolution of communication: From stimulus associations to grounded symbolic associations. In D. Floreano, J. D. Nicoud, and F. Mondada (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Life, Number 1674 in Lecture notes in computer science. Springer.

Cangelosi, A. and D. Parisi (1998). The emergence of a `language' in an evolving population of neural networks. Connection Science 10 (2), 83-97.

Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Chomsky, N. (1987). Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. Dordrecht: Foris.

Christiansen, M. and J. Devlin (1997). Recursive inconsistencies are hard to learn: A connectionist perspective on universal word order correlations. In M. Shafto and P. Langley (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th Annual Cognitive Science Society Conference, pp. 113-118. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Clark, E. (1988). On the logic of contrast. Journal of Child Language 15, 317-335.

Di Paolo, E. (1997). An investigation into the evolution of communication. Adaptive Behaviour 6, 285-324.

Dor, D. and E. Jablonka (2000). From cultural selection to genetic selection: a framework for the evolution of language. Selection 1(1-3), 33-55.

Durham, W. H. (1991). Coevolution: Genes, Culture and Human Diversity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Grafen, A. (1990). Biological signals as handicaps. Journal of Theoretical Biology 144, 517-546.

Hauser, M. D. (1996). The Evolution of Communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Holland, J. H. (1975). Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Hurford, J. R. (1989). Biological evolution of the saussurean sign as a component of the language acquisition device. Lingua 77, 187-222.

Hurford, J. R. (2000). Social transmission favours linguistic generalization. In C. Knight, M. Studdert-Kennedy, and J. Hurford (Eds.), The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form, pp. 324-352. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hurford, J. R. (2002). Expression/induction models of language evolution: dimensions and issues. In E. Briscoe (Ed.), Linguistic Evolution Through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hutchins, E. and B. Hazelhurst (1995). How to invent a lexicon: the development of shared symbols in interaction. In N. Gilbert and R. Conte (Eds.), Artificial societies: the computer simulation of social life. london: UCL Press.

Kirby, S. (1998). Fitness and the selective adaptation of language. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy, and C. Knight (Eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases, pp. 359-383. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kirby, S. (1999). Learning, bottlenecks and infinity: a working model of the evolution of syntactic communication. In K. Dautenhahn and C. Nehaniv (Eds.), Proceedings of the aisb'99 symposium on imitation in animals and artifacts. Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour.

Kirby, S. (2000). Syntax without natural selection: how compositionality emerges from vocabulary in a population of learners. In C. Knight, M. Studdert-Kennedy, and J. R. Hurford (Eds.), The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form, pp. 303-323. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kirby, S. (2001). Spontaneous evolution of linguistic structure: an iterated learning model of the emergence of regularity and irregularity. IEEE Journal of Evolutionary Computation 5(2), 102-110.

Kirby, S. (in press). Learning, bottlenecks and the evolution of recursive syntax. In E. Briscoe (Ed.), Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kirby, S. and J. R. Hurford (1997). Learning, culture and evolution in the origin of linguistic constraints. In P. Husbands and I. Harvey (Eds.), Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life, pp. 493-502. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Kirby, S. and J. R. Hurford (2002). The emergence of linguistic structure: An overview of the iterated learning model. In A. Cangelosi and D. Parisi (Eds.), Simulating the Evolution of Language. Springer Verlag.

Krebs, J. R. and R. Dawkins (1984). Animal signals: mind-reading and manipulation. In J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies (Eds.), Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Kvasnicka, V. and J. Pospichal (1999). An emergence of coordinated communication in populations of agents. Artificial Life 5 (4), 319-342.

Levin, M. (1995). The evolution of understanding: a genetic algorithm model of the evolution of communication. Biosystems 36, 167-178.

Livingstone, D. and C. Fyfe (1999). Modelling the evolution of linguistic diversity. In D. Floreano, J. Nicoud, and F. Mondada (Eds.), Advances in artificial life: fifth european conference on artificial life, pp. 704-708. Berlin: Springer.

MacLennan, B. and G. Burghardt (1994). Synthetic ethology and the evolution of cooperative communication. Adaptive Behaviour 2, 161-187.

Noble, J. (1998). Evolved signals: Expensive hype vs. conspiratorial whispers. In C. Adami, R. Belew, H. Kitano, and C. Taylor (Eds.), Artificial Life 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Nolfi, S., J. L. Elman, and D. Parisi (1994). Learning and evolution in neural networks. Adaptive Behavior 3 (1), 5-28.

Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems 37, 31-38.

Oliphant, M. (1999). The learning barrier: Moving from innate to learned systems of communication. Adaptive Behavior 7 (3/4), 371-384.

Oliphant, M. and J. Batali (1997). Learning and the emergence of coordinated communication. Center for Research on Language Newsletter 11 (1).

Pinker, S. and P. Bloom (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, 707-784.

Reggia, J., R. Schulz, G. Wilkinson, and J. Uriagereka (2001). Conditions enabling the evolution of inter-agent signaling in an artificial world. Artificial Life 7 (1), 3-32.

Rolls, E. T. and S. M. Stringer (2000). On the design of neural networks in the brain by genetic evolution. Progress in Neurobiology 61, 557-579.

Smith, K. (2001). The importance of rapid cultural convergence in the evolution of learned symbolic communication. In J. Kelemen and P. Sosik (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Life (Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Artificial Life), pp. 381-390. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

Smith, K. (2002). The cultural evolution of communication in a population of neural networks. To appear in Connection Science.

Steels, L. (1999). The Talking Heads Experiment, Volume I. Words and Meanings. Antwerpen: Laboratorium. Special pre-edition.

Turkel, W. J. (in press). The learning guided evolution of natural language. In E. Briscoe (Ed.), Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Werner, G. and M. Dyer (1992). Evolution of communication in artificial organisms. In C. Langton, C. Taylor, J. Farmer, and S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Artificial Life 2, pp. 659-687. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Werner, G. and P. Todd (1997). Too many love songs: Sexual selection and the evolution of communication. In P. Husbands and I. Harvey (Eds.), Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life, pp. 434-443. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Wheeler, M. and P. de Bourcier (1995). How not to murder your neighbour: Using synthetic behavioral ecology to study aggressive signaling. Adaptive Behavior 3 (3), 273-309.

Worden, R. (in press). Words, memes and language evolution. In E. Briscoe (Ed.), Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Yamauchi, H. (2001). The difficulty of the baldwinian account of linguistic innateness. In J. Kelemen and P. Sosik (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Life (Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Artificial Life). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

Zahavi, A. (1975). Mate selection a selection for a handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology 53, 205-214.

Zahavi, A. (1977). The cost of honesty (further remarks on the handicap principle. Journal of Theoretical Biology 67, 603-605.