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[18] U. Weinreich, W. Labov, and M. I. Herzog. Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In W. P. Lehmann, editor, Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium., pages 95--195. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968. A The 3-parameter system of Gibson and Wexler (1994) The 3-parameter system discussed in Gibson and Wexler (1994) includes two parameters from X-bar theory. Specifically, they relate to specifier-head relations, and head-complement relations in phrase structure. The following parmetrized production rules denote this: XP ! SpecX 0 (p 1 = 0) or X 0 Spec(p 1 = 1) X 0 ! CompX 0 (p 2 = 0) or X 0 Comp(p 2 = 1) X 0 ! X A third parameter is related to verb movement. In German, and Dutch root declarative clauses, it is observed that the verb occupies exactly the second position. This Verb-Second phenomenon might or might not be present in the world's languages, and this variation is captured by means of the V2 parameter. The following table provides the unembedded (degree0) sentences from each of the 8 grammars (languages) obtained by setting the 3 parameters of example 1 to different values. The languages are referred to as L 1 through L 8 :