[1] Baldwin, J. M., A New Factor in Evolution, American Naturalist 30 (1896), 441-451.

[2] Belew, Richard K., Evolution, Learning and Culture: Computational Metaphors for Adaptive Algorithms, University of California, San Diego, Computer Science & Engineering Dept., #CS89-156 (September 1989).

[3] Boyd, Richard, and Richerson, Peter J., Culture and the Evolutionary Process, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1985.

[4] Burghardt, Gordon M., Defining ``Communication,'' Communication by Chemical Signals, J. W. Johnston Jr., D. G. Moulton and A. Turk (eds.), AppletonCentury-Crofts, New York, 1970.

[5] Dawkins, Richard, The Extended Phenotype, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982.

[6] Goldberg, D. E., Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1989.

[7] Hinton, Geoffrey E., and Nowlan, Steven J., How Learning Can Guide Evolution, Complex Systems 1 (1987), 495-502.

[8] Holland, J. H., Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1975.

[9] MacLennan, Bruce J., ``Causes and Intentions,'' Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11, 3 (September 1988), 519-520.

[10] Maynard-Smith, John, When Learning Guides Evolution, Nature 329 (Oct. 29 1987), 761-762.