Aitchison, J. (1996). The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Albert, R. and Barabasi, A.-L. (2002). Statistical mechanics of complex networks. Reviews of Modern Physics, 71(1):47.97.

Altmann, G. (1983). A law of change in language. Quantitative Linguistics, 18:104. 115.

Andersen, H. (1978). Perceptual and conceptual factors in abductive change. In Fisiak, J., editor, Recent Development in Historical Phonology, pages 1.23. Mouton, The Hague.

Antilla, R. (1989). Historical and Comparative Linguistics. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia, 2nd edition.

Arbib, M. (in press). From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

Arita, T. and Koyama, Y. (1998). Evolution of linguistic diversity in a simple communication system. In Adami, C., Belew, R., Kitano, H., and Taylor, C., editors, Artificial Life VI, pages 9.17. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Aronoff, M. (1976). Word Formation in Generative Grammar (Linguistic Inquiry Monograph, 1). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Au, C.-P. and Coupe, C. (2003). A computational model on the emergence of vowel and diphthong perception. In Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS). Barcelona.

Baayen, H., Piepenbrock, R., and van Rijn, H. (1995). The CELEX Lexical Database, Release 2 (CD-ROM). Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania.

Bailey, C.-J. (1973). Variation and Linguistic Theory. Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.

Baldwin, J. (1896). A new factor in evolution. The American Naturalist, 30:441. 451,536.553.

Barabasi, A.-L. (2002). Linked: The New Science of Networks. Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, Mass.

Barabasi, A.-L. and Albert, R. (1999). Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science, 286:509.512.

Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Barrett, M. (1978). Lexical development and overextension in child language. Journal of Child Langauge, 5:205.219.

Batali, J. (1994). Innate biases and critical periods: Combining evolution and learning in the acquisition of syntax. In Brooks, R. and Maes, P., editors, Artificial Life IV, pages 160.171. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In Hurford, J. R., Studdert-Kennedy, M., and Knight, C., editors, Approaches to the Evolution of Language, pages 405.426. Cambridge University Press, Oxford.

Batali, J. (2002). The negotiation and acquisition of recursive grammars as a result of competition among exemplars. In Briscoe, E. J., editor, Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models, Chapter 5. Cambridge University Press.

Bauer, R. S. (1983). Cantonese sound change across subgroups of the Hong Kong speech community. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 11(2):301.354.

Baxter, W. H. (1992). A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology. Mouton De Gruyter.

Belew, R. K., Mitchell, M., and Ackley, D. H. (1996). Computation and the natural sciences. In Adaptive Individuals in Evolving Populations: Models and Algorithms (eds.), Chapter 24. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

Bhattacharjee, Y. (2003). From heofonum to heavens. Science, 303:1326.1328.

Bickerton, D. (1984). The language bioprogram hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Science, 7:173.221.

Bickerton, D. (1990). Language and Species. The University of Chicago Press.

Bickerton, D. (1991). Language origins and evolutionary plausibility. Language and Communication, 11(1):37.39.

Blackmore, S. (1999). The Meme Machine. Oxford University Press, New York.

Bloch, B. (1948). A set of postulate for phonemic analysis. Language, 24:3.46.

Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. The University of Chicago Press.

Blum-Kulka, S. and Snow, C. E. (2002). Talking to Adults: The Contribution of Multiparty Discourse to Language Acquisition (ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, N.J.

Bonabeau, E., Dorigo, M., and Theraulaz, G. (1999). Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems. Oxford University Press, New York; Oxford.

Bourgerie, D. S. (1990). A Quantitative Study of Sociolinguistic Variation in Cantonese. PhD thesis, The Ohio State University.

Brent, M. R. (1996). Advances in the computational study of language acquisition. Cognition, 61(1-2):1.38.

Brent, M. R. and Cartwright, T. A. (1996). Distributional regularity and phonotactic constraints are useful for segmentation. Cognition, 61(1-2):93.125.

Briscoe, E. J. (2000a). An evolutionary approach to (logistic-like) language change.

Briscoe, E. J. (2000b). Grammatical acquisition: Inductive bias and coevolution of language and the language acquisition device. Language, 76(2):245.296.

Briscoe, E. J. (2002). Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models (ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Buchanan, M. (2002). Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks. W. W. Norton, New York; London.

Burling, R. (2000). Comprehension, production and conventionalization in the origins of language. In Knight, C., Hurford, J. R., and Studdert-Kennedy, M., editors, The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Bybee, J. L. (1985). Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. Benjamins, Philadelphia.

Bybee, J. L. (2002). Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change. Language Variation and Change, 14:261. 290.

Calvin, W. H. (1996). The Cerebral Code: Thinking a Thought in the Mosaics of the Mind. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Camazine, S., Deneubourg, J.-L., Franks, N., Sneyd, J., Theraulaz, G., and Bonabeau, E. (2001). Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Cangelosi, A., Greco, A., and Harnad, S. (2002). Symbol grounding and the symbolic theft hypothesis. In Simulating the Evolution of Language. Springer, London.

Cangelosi, A. and Harnad, S. (2000). The adaptive advantage of symbolic theft over sensorimotor toil: Grounding language in perceptual categories. Evolution of Communication, 4(1):117.142.

Cangelosi, A. and Parisi, D. (1998). The emergence of a -¡-°language-¡-- in an evolving population of neural networks. Connection Science, 10(2):83.97.

Cangelosi, A. and Parisi, D. (2001). Simulating the Evolution of Language (ed.). Springer-Verlag, London.

Capra, F. (1996). The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems. Anchor Books, New York.

Caramazza, A. and Berndt, R. (1978). Semantic and syntactic processes in aphasia: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 85:898.918.

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and Feldman, M. W. (1981). Cultural Transmission and Evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Chao, Y.-R. (1934). The non-uniqueness of phonemic solutions of phonetic systems. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 4(4):363.397. Reprinted in Readings in Linguistics, ed. Martin Joos, p38-54.

Chao, Y.-R. (1947). Cantonese Primer. Greenwood Press, New York.

Chao, Y.-R. (1959). Ambiguity in Chinese. Studia Serica Bernhard Karlgren Dedicata, pages 1.13.

Chen, M. Y.-C. and Wang, W. S.-Y. (1975). Sound change: actuation and implementation. Language, 51(1):255.281.

Chen, P. (1999b). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Cheng, C.-C. (1996). Quantifying dialect mutual intelligibility. In Huang, C.-T. J. and Li, Y.-H. A., editors, New Horizons in Chinese Linguistics, pages 269.292.

Cheng, C.-C. (1998). Quantification for understanding language cognition. Quantitative and Computational Studies on the Chinese Language, pages 15.30.

Cheng, C.-C. and Wang, W. S.-Y. (1972). Tone change in Chaozhou Chinese a study in lexical diffusion. In Kachru, B. and et al., editors, Papers in Linguistics in Honor of Henry and Renee Kahane, pages 99.113. University of Illinois Press. Reprinted in The Lexicon in Phonological Change, William S-Y Wang, ed. Mouton, 1977.

Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press.

Chomsky, N. (1972). Language and Mind. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.

Chomsky, N. (1976). On the nature of language. In Harnad, S. R., Steklis, H. D., and Lancaster, J., editors, Origins and Evolution of Language and Speech, pages 46.57. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York.

Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. Praeger, New York.

Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Christiansen, M. (1994). Infinite Languages, Finite Minds: Connectionism, Learning and Linguistics Structures. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.

Christiansen, M., Allen, J., and Seidenberg, M. (1998). Learning to segment speech using multiple cues: A connectionist model. Language and Cognitive Processes, 13:221.268.

Christiansen, M. and Chater, N. (1999). Toward a connectionist model of recursion in human linguistic performance. Cognitive Science, 23:157.205.

Christiansen, M. H., Dale, R., Ellefson, M., and Conway, C. (2002). The role of sequential learning in language evolution: Computational and experimental studies. In Cangelosi, A. and Parisi, D., editors, Simulating the evolution of language, pages 165.187. Springer-Verlag, London.

Christiansen, M. H. and Devlin, J. T. (1997). Recursive inconsistencies are hard to learn: A connectionist perspective on universal word order correlations. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pages 113.118. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.

Christiansen, M. H. and Kirby, S. (2003). Language Evolution: The States of the Art (eds). Oxford University Press.

Clark, E. V. (1987). The Principle of Contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. In MacWhinney, B., editor, Mechanisms of Language Acquisition, pages 1.33. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

Clark, E. V. (1993). The Lexicon in Acquisition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Coates, W. A. (1969). Near-homophony as a factor in language change. Language, 44(3):467.479.

Comrie, B. (1981). Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology. Blackwell, Oxford.

Comrie, B. (2000). Language contact, lexical borrowing, and semantic fields. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, 28:73.86.

Coupe, C. (2003). From the Origin of Language to the Origin of Languages: Modelling of the Emergence and Evolution of Linguistic Systems. PhD thesis, Universite de Lyon.

Croft, W. (1990). Typology and Universals. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.

Croft, W. (2000). Explaining Language Change: An Evolutionary Approach. Longman, Harlow, England; New York.

Croft, W. (2001). Radical Construction Grammar: Syntactic Theory in Typological Perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York.

Crothers, J. (1978). Typology and universals of vowel systems. In Greenberg, J. H., editor, Universals of Human Language (Phonology), volume 2, pages 93.152. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

Curtiss, S. (1977). Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern-day -¡-°Wild Child-¡--. Academic Press, New York.

Cutler, A., Hawkins, J., and Gilligan, G. (1985). The suffixing preference: A processing explanation. Linguistics, 23:723.758.

Cuyckens, H. and Zawada, B. E. (2001). Introduction. In Cuyckens, H. and Zawada, B., editors, Polysemy in Cognitive Linguistics : Selected Papers from the International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, Amsterdam, 1997, pages ix.xxiii. John Benjamins, Amsterdam; Philadelphia.

Dai, X. J. (1990). Historical morphonologization of syntactic words: Evidence from Chinese derived verbs. Diachronica, 7(1):9.46.

Darwin, C. (1871). Descent of Man. Prometheus Books, Amherst, N.Y.

Dauzat, A. (1927). Les Patois. Paris.

Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press.

de Boer, B. (1997). Generating vowel systems in a population of agents. In Husbands, P. and Harvey, I., editors, Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life, pages 503.510. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

de Boer, B. (2000). Emergence of sound systems through self-organisation. In Knight, C., Studdert-Kennedy, M., and Hurford, J. R., editors, The Evolutionary Emergence of Language, pages 177.198. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York.

de Boer, B. (2001). The Origins of Vowel Systems. Oxford University Press.

de Saussure, F. (1983). Course in General Linguistics (Cours de linguistique generale). Open Court, LaSalle, IL.

de Waal, F. (1998). Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Deacon, T. (1997). The Symbolic Species. W. Norton and Co., New York.

Denison, D. (2003). Log(ist)ic and simplistic s-curves. In Hickey, R., editor, Motives for Language Change, pages 54.70. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York.

Derwing, B. L. and Baker, W. J. (1977). The psychological basis for morphological rules. In Macnamara, J., editor, Language Learning and Thought, pages 85.110. Academia Press, New York.

Dixon, R. M. W. (1997). The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York.

Dryer, M. (1992). The Greenbergian word order correlations. Language, 68:81.138.

Du Bois, J. (1987). The discourse basis of ergativity. Language, 63:805.855.

Duanmu, S. (2000). The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York.

Dugatkin, L. A. (2000). The Imitation Factor: Evolution beyond the Gene. Free Press, New York.

Dunbar, R. (1993). Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16:681.735.

Eckert, P. (2000). Linguistic Variation as Social Practice : The Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten High. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, Malden, Mass.

Ellefson, M. R. and Christiansen, M. H. (2000). Subjancy constraints without universal grammar: Evidence from artificial language learning and connectionist modeling. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pages 645.650. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.

Elman, J. (1990). Finding structure in time. Cognitive Science, 14:179.211.

Elman, J., Bates, E., Johnson, M. H., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D., and Plunkett, K. (1998). Rethinking Innateness A Connectionist Perspective on Development. Bradfork Book/MIT Press.

Erdos, P. and Renyi, A. (1959). On random graphs. Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen, 6:290.297.

Fan, G. and et al. (1997). Yueyu Pinyin Zibiao (J RA syllabary of Cantonese). Hong Kong Linguistic Society, Hong Kong.

Feng, S. (1995). Prosodic Structure and Prosodically Constrained Syntax in Chinese. University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.

Feng, S. (1998). Prosodic structure and compound words in Classical Chinese. In Packard, J., editor, New approaches to Chinese Word Formation, pages 197.260. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.

Ferguson, C. A. (1979). Phonology as an individual access system: Some data from language acquisition. In Fillmore, C. J., Kempler, D., and Wang, W. S.-Y., editors, Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior, pages 189.201. Academic Press.

Ferguson, C. A. and Farwell, C. B. (1975). Words and sounds in early language acquisition: English initial consonants in the first fifty words. Language, 51:419. 439.

Ferrand, L. and Grainger, J. (2003). Homophone interference effects in visual word recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 56(3):403 . 419.

Ferrer-i-Cancho, R. and Sole, R. V. (2003). Least effort and the origins of scaling in human language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 100(3):788.791.

Fillmore, C. J., Kempler, D., and Wang, W. S.-Y. (1979). Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior (eds.). Academic Press.

Fischer, J. L. (1958). Social influences on the choice of a linguistic variant. Word, 14:47.56.

Fitch, W. T. (2002). Comparative vocal production and the evolution of speech: Reinterpreting the descent of the larynx. In Wray, A., editor, The Transition to Language, Chapter 2. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Fouts, R. (1991). Dirty bathwater, innateness neonates and the dating game. Language and Communication, 11(1/2):41.43.

Frommer, I. and Pundoor, G. (2003). Small-words: A review of recent books. Networks, 41(3):174.180.

Gallup, G. G. (1970). Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science, 167:86.87.

Gallup, G. G. J., Anderson, J. R., and Shillito, D. J. (2002). The mirror test. In Bekoff, M., Allen, C., and Burhgardt, G. M., editors, The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Ghazanfar, A. A. and Logothetis, N. K. (2003). Neuroperception: Facial expressions linked to monkey calls. Nature, 423:937 . 938.

Gillieron, J. and Roques, M. (1912). Etudes de Geographie Linguistique d-¡-¯apres l-¡-¯Atlas Linguistique de la France. Paris.

Goldstein, M. H., King, A. P., and West, M. J. (2003). Social interaction shapes babbling: Testing parallels between birdsong and speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 100(13):8030.8035.

Gong, T., Ke, J.-Y., Minett, J. W., and Wang, W. S.-Y. (2004). Language emergence and simple social structure. In Proceedings of The 5th Conference on Language Evolution. Leipzig, Germany.

Gould, J. L. and Marler, P. (1987). Learning by instinct. Scientific American, pages 74.85.

Gould, S. J. and Eldredge, N. (1977). Punctuated equilibria: The tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology, 3:115.151.

Gould, S. J. and Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The spandrels of san marco and the panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 205:281.188.

Gould, S. J. and Vrba, E. S. (1982). Exaptation . a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology, 8:4.15.

Greenberg, J. H. (1963). Universals of Language (ed.). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Greenberg, J. H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford University Press, Stanford.

Guy, G. R. (1980). Variation in the group and the individual. In Labov, W., editor, Locating Language in Time and Space, pages 1.36. Academic Press, New York.

Haegeman, L. (1991). Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. B. Blackwell, Oxford, 1st edition.

Haiman, J. (1983). Iconic and economic motivation. Language, 59:781.819.

Haken, H. (1984). Laser Theory. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Hankamer, J. (1973). Unacceptable ambiguity. Linguistic Inquiry, 4:17.68.

Hare, M. and Elman, J. (1995). Learning and morphological change. Cognition, 56:61.98.

Hashimoto, O.-K. Y. (1972). Phonology of Cantonese. Cambridge University Press, London.

Hauser, M. and Fitch, W. (2003). What are the uniquely human components of the language faculty? In Christiansen, M. H. and Kirby, S., editors, Language Evolution: The States of the Art. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Hauser, M., Newport, E. L., and Aslin, R. N. (2001). Segmentation of the speech stream in a nonhuman primate: statistical learning in cotton-top tamarins. Cognition, 78:B53.B64. mokey can keep track of relative serial order among pattern elements, and also the frequency or consistency with which various combinations and orders appear.

Hauser, M., Weiss, D., and Marcus, G. (2002a). Rule learning by cotton-top tamarins. Cognition, 86:B15.

Hauser, M. D. (1996). The Evolution of Communication. MIT press, Cambridge, MA.

Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., and Fitch, W. T. (2002b). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298:1569.1579.

Hawkins, J. A. (1994). A Performance Theory of Order and Constituency. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hawkins, J. A. and Gell-Mann, M. (1992). The Evolution of Human Languages (eds.). Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Heyes, C. and Huber, L. (2000). The Evolution of Cognition (ed.). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Higgins, J. (1995). Quantifying english homophones and minimal pairs. In Lewis, J. W., editor, Studies in General and English Phonetics: Essays in Honor of Professor J.D. O-¡-¯Connor, pages 326.334. Routledge, London.

Hinton, G. and Nowlan, S. (1987). How learning guides evolution. Complex Systems, 1:495.502.

Ho, D.-A. (1988). Rules and Directions: The Changing Structure of Phonology. Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Special Publications no. 90, in Chinese.

Hockett, C. F. (1961). Linguistic elements and their relations. Language, 37:29N53.

Hockett, C. F. (1968). The State of the Art. Mouton, The Hague, Paris.

Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Hooper, J. B. (1976). Word frequency in lexical diffusion and the source of morphophonological change. In Christie, W., editor, Current Progress in Historical Linguistics, pages 96.105. North Holland, Amsterdam.

Hooper, J. B. (1980). Child morphology and morphophonemic change. In Fisiak, J., editor, Historical Morphology, pages 157.187. Mouton, Berlin.

Hopper, P. (1988). Emergent grammar and the a priori grammar postulate. In Tannen, D., editor, Linguistics in Context: Connecting Observation and Understanding. Advances in Discourse Processes, Volume 29, pages 117.134. Ablex Publishing, Norwood, NJ.

Houde, J. F. and Jordan, M. I. (1998). Sensorimotor adaptation in speech production. Science, 279:1213.1216.

Hsieh, H.-I. (1970). The psychological reality of tone sandhi rules in Taiwanese. In Papers from the Sixth Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, pages 489.503.

Hsieh, H.-I. (1972). Lexical diffusion: Evidence from child language acquisition. Glossa, 6:89.104.

Hurford, J. R. (1987). Language and Number: The Emergence of a Cognitive System. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

Hurford, J. R. (1989). Biological evolution of the saussurean sign as a component of the language evolution device. Lingua, 77:187.222.

Hurford, J. R. (1990). Nativist and functional explanations in language acquisition. In Roca, I., editor, Logical Issues in Language Acquisition, pages 85.136. Dordrecht, Foris, Holland.

Hurford, J. R. (1999a). The evolution of language and languages. In Dunbar, R., Knight, C., and Power, C., editors, The Evolution of Culture, pages 173.193. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

Hurford, J. R. (1999b). Functional innateness: Explaining the critical period for language acquisition. In Darnell, M., Moravscik, E., Newmeyer, F., Noonan, M., and Wheatley, K., editors, Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics, Volume II: Case Studies, pages 341.363. John Benjamins, Amsterdam.

Hurford, J. R. (2003). Why synonymy is rare: Fitness is in the speaker. In Banzhaf, W., Christaller, T., Dittrich, P., Kim, J. T., and Ziegler, J., editors, Advances in Artificial Life Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Artificial Life (ECAL), Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2801, pages 442.451. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Hurford, J. R., Studdert-Kennedy, M., and C., K., editors (1998a). Fitness and the selective adaptation of language, Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.

Hurford, J. R., Studdert-Kennedy, M., and Knight, C. (1998b). Approaches to the Evolution of Language (ed.). Cambridge University Press, Oxford.

Hutchins, E. and Hazlehurst, B. (1995). How to invent a lexicon: the development of shared symbols in interaction. In Gilbert, G. N. and Conte, R., editors, Artificial Societies: The Computer Simulation of Social Life. UCL Press, London.

Hutchins, E. and Hazlehurst, B. (2001). Auto-organization and emergence of shared language structure. In Cangelosi, A. and Parisi, D., editors, Simulating the Evolution of Language, Chapter 13, pages 279.306. Springer-Verlag, London.

Jackendoff, R. (1999). Possible stages in the evolution of the language capacity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(7):272.279.

Jackendoff, R. (2002). Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York.

Jacob, F. (1977). Evolution and tinkering. Science, 196(4295):1161.1166.

Jaeger, J. (1984). Assessing the psychological status of the vowel shift rule. Journal of Psychological Research, 13:13.36.

Jakobson, R. (1960). Linguistics and poetics. In Sebeok, T. A., editor, Style in Language. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. reprinted in Selected writings III, 18-51, Mouton, The Hague, 1971.

Janik, V. (1999). Origins and implications of vocal learning in bottlenose dolphins. In Box, H. and Gibson, K., editors, Mammalian Social Learning: Comparative and Ecological Perspectives, pages 308.326. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Jantsch, E. (1981). The Evolutionary Vision: Toward a Unifying Paradigm of Physical, Biological and Sociocultural Evolution. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Jerison, H. (1977). The theory of encephalization. In Diamond, S. and Blizard, P., editors, Evolution and Lateralization of the Brain. Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 299, pages 601.606. New York Academy of Sciences.

Jespersen, O. (1922). Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin. G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1st edition.

Jespersen, O. (1933). Monosyllabism in english. In Selected Writings of Otto Jespersen, pages 617.641. Senjo Publishing, Tokyo. Binnial Lecture on English Philology, in the British Academy, Nov. 6, 1928.

Jowett, B. (1953). The Dialogues of Plato. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 4th edition.

Jurafsky, D., Bell, A., and Girand, C. (2002). The role of the lemma in form variation. In Gussenhoven, C. and Warner, N., editors, Papers in Laboratory Phonology VII, pages 1.34. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin/New York.

Jusczyk, P. W. (1997). The Discovery of Spoken Language. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Kant, I. (1952). The Critique of Judgement. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Karlgren, B. (1949). The Chinese Language: An Essay on its Nature and History. The Ronald Press Company, New York.

Kauffman, S. A. (1993). The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York.

Kauffman, S. A. (1995). At Home in the Universe. Oxford University Press, New York.

Ke, J.-Y. (2003). Complex dynamic networks and human languages. Seminar in Centre for Chaos Control and Synchronization, Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, April 17, 2003.

Ke, J.-Y., Au, C. P., Minett, J. W., and Wang, W. S.-Y. (2002). Self-organization and selection in the emergence of vocabulary. Complexity, 7(3):41.54.

Ke, J.-Y., Gong, T., and Wang, W. S.-Y. (2004). Language change and social networks. In The 5th Conference on Language Evolution.

Ke, J.-Y., Ogura, M., and Wang, W. S.-Y. (2003). Optimization models of sound systems using Genetic Algorithms. Computational Linguistics, 29(1):1.18.

Keller, R. (1994). On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Routledge, London.

Kelly, M. H. and Ragade, A. (2000). Grammatical relationships between homonyms: Effects on language comprehension and the structure of the English vocabulary.

Kennedy, G. A. (1951). The monosyllabic myth. Journal of American Oriental Society, 71:161.166.

Kimura, M. (1983). The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Kiparsky, P. (1968). Linguistic universals and linguistic change. In Bach, E. and Harms, R. T., editors, Universals in Linguistic Theory, pages 171.202. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.

Kirby, S. (1999a). Function, Selection and Innateness: The Emergence of Language Universals. Oxford University Press, New York.

Kirby, S. (1999b). Syntax out of learning: The cultural evolution of structured communication in a population of induction algorithms. In Floreano, D., Nicoud, J.-D., and Mondada, F., editors, Advances in Artificial Life Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1674. Springer.

Kirby, S. (2000). Syntax without natural selection: How compositionality emerges from vocabulary in a population of learners. In Knight, C., Hurford, J. R., and Studdert-Kennedy, M., editors, The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form, pages 303.323. Cambridge University Press, Oxford.

Kirby, S. (2001). Spontaneous evolution of linguistic structure an iterated learning model of the emergence of regularity and irregularity. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 5(2):102.110.

Kirby, S. (2002a). Learning, bottlenecks and the evolution of recursive syntax. In Briscoe, E. J., editor, Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models, Chapter 6. Cambridge University Press.

Kirby, S. (2002b). Natural language from artificial life. Artificial Life, 8(2):185.215.

Klein, R. G. (1999). The Human Career, Human Biological and Cultural Origins. The University of Chicago Press.

Kluender, K., Diehl, R., and Killeen, P. (1987). Japanese quail can learn phonetic categories. Science, 237:1195.1197.

Knight, C., Studdert-Kennedy, M., and Hurford, J. R. (2000). The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York.

Kohler, W. (1947). Gestalt Psychology: An Introduction to New Concepts in Modern Psychology. Liveright Pub, New York, revision edition.

Kohonen, T. (1995). Self-Organization Maps. Springer-Verlag, Berlin; Heidelberg.

Komarova, N. and Niyogi, P. (2004). Optimizing the mutual intelligibility of linguistic agents in a shared world. Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 154(1-2):1.42.

Komarova, N. L. and Nowak, M. A. (2001). Evolutionary dynamics of the lexical matrix. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 63(3):451.485.

Kroch, A. (1989). Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change. Language Variation and Change, 1(3):199.244.

Kroch, A. (1994). Morphosyntactic variation. In Beals, K. e. a., editor, Papers from the 30th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society: Parasession on Variation and Linguistic Theory. Chicago Linguistics Society, Chicago.

Kuhl, P. and Miller, J. (1975). Speech perception by the chichilla: voiced-voiceless distinction in alveolar plosive consonants. Science, 190:69.72.

Kuhl, P. K. and Padden, D. M. (1983). Enhanced discriminability at the phonetic boundaries for the voicing feature in macaques. Perception and Psychophysics, 32(6):542.550.

Labov, W. (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.

Labov, W. (1969). Contraction, deletion and inherent variability of the English copula. Language, 45(4):715.762.

Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.

Labov, W. (1989). The exact description of the speech community: Short a in philadelphia. In Fasold, R. and Schiffrin, D., editors, Language Change and Variation, pages 1.57. Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C.

Labov, W. (1994). Principles of Linguistic Change (I). Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.

Labov, W. (2001). Principles of Linguistic Change (II). Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.

Labov, W., Karen, M., and Miller, C. (1991). Near-mergers and the suspension of phonemic contrast. Language Variation and Change, 3:33.74.

Ladefoged, P. and Maddieson, I. (1996). The Sounds of the World-¡-¯s Languages. Blackwell, Oxford.

Lass, R. (1980). On Explaining Language Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Lee, W. H. and Murashima, K. (2002). Phonetic variation in loanwords: n-/rvariation in Japanese of Hong Kong Cantonese speakers. Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan, 6(2):98.104.

Leonard, L., Newhoff, M., and Mesalam, L. (1980). Individual differences in early child phonology. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1:7.30.

Levelt, W. (1989). Speaking: From Intention to Articulation. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Li, C. and Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

Li, P. (1999). Generalization, representation, and recovery in a self-organizing featuremap model of language acquisition. In Hahn, M. and Stoness, S., editors, Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pages 308.313. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.

Li, P. (2003). Language acquisition in a self-organising neural network model. In Quinlan, P., editor, Connectionist Models of Development: Developmental Processes in Real and Artificial Neural Networks, pages 115.149. Psychology Press, Hove; Briton.

Li, X. and Chen, G. R. (2003). A local-world evolving network model. Physica A, 328(1-2):274.286.

Lieberman, P. (1963). Some effects of semantic and grammatical context on the production and perception of language. Language and Speech, 6:172.187.

Lieberman, P. (1984). The Biology and Evolution of Language. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Lightfoot, D. (1991). Subjacency and sex. Language and Communication, 11(1):67.69.

Lightfoot, D. (1999). The Development of Language: Acquisition, Change and Evolution. Blackwell: Oxford.

Lightfoot, D. (2000). The spandrels of the linguistic genotype. In Knight, C., Hurford, J. R., and Studdert-Kennedy, M., editors, The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Liljencrants, J. and Lindblom, B. (1972). Numerical simulation of vowel quality systems: The role of perceptual contrast. Language, 48:839.862.

Liljeros, F., Edling, C. R., Amaral, L. A. N., Stanley, H. E., and Aberg, Y. (2001). The web of human sexual contacts. Nature, 411:907.908.

Lindblom, B. (1983). Economy of speech gestures. The Production of Speech, pages 217.247.

Lindblom, B. (1986). Phonetic universals in vowel systems. Experimental Phonology, pages 13.44.

Lindblom, B. (1998). Systemic constraints and adaptive change in the formation of sound structure. In Hurford, J. R., Studdert-Kennedy, M., and Knight, C., editors, Approaches to the Evolution of Language Social and Cognitive Bases, pages 242. 264. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Lindblom, B., MacNeilage, P., and Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1984). Self-organizing processes and the explanation of language universals. In Butterworth, B., Bernard, C., and Dahl, O., editors, Explanations for Language Universals, pages 181.203. Walter de Gruyter & Co.

Livingstone, D. (2000). A modified-neutral theory for the evolution of linguistic diversity. In The 3rd International Conference on the Evolution of Language. SpringerVerlag, Paris.

Livingstone, D. (2001). The evolution of dialect diversity. In Cangelosi, A. and Parisi, D., editors, Simulating the Evolution of Language, Chapter 5, pages 99.118. Springer-Verlag, London.

Livingstone, D. and Fyfe, C. (1999). Modelling the evolution of linguistic diversity. In D. Floreano, J. N. and Mondada, F., editors, European Conference of Artificial Life 1999, pages 704.708. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Lu, B. and Duanmu, S. (1991). A case study of the relation between rhythm and syntax in Chinese. In The Third North America Conference on Chinese Linguistics. Ithaca.

MacWhinney, B. (1995). The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk. L. Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J., 2nd edition.

Maddieson, I. and Precoda, K. (1990). Updating upsid. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 74:104.111.

Malkiel, Y. (1967). Every word has a history of its own. Glossa, 1:137.149.

Malkiel, Y. (1979). Problems in the diachronic differentiation of near-homophones. Language, 55:1.36.

Marcus, G. F., Vijayan, S., Rao, S. B., and Vishton, P. M. (1999). Rule learning by seven-month-old infants. Science, 283(5398):77.80.

Markman, E. M. (1989). Categorization and Naming in Children: Problems of Induction. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Martinet, A. (1952). Function, structure, and sound change. Word, 1:1.32.

Masini, F. (1993). The Formation of Modern Chinese Lexicon and Its Evolution toward a National Language: The Period from 1840 to 1898. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, California.

Mathesius, V. (1911). O potencialnosti jev-¢-«o jazykovych. In Vachek, J., editor, A Prague School Reader in Linguistics (1964), pages 1.32. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

Matthei, E. H. (1989). Crossing boundaries: More evidence for phonological constraints on early multi-word utterances. Journal of Child Language, 16:41.54.

McClelland, J. L. and Plaut, D. C. (1999). Does generalization in infant learning implicate abstract algebra-like rules. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3:166.168.

McGurk, H. and MacDonald, J. (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 264:746.748.

McMahon, A. (1994). Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

McShane, J. (1980). Learning to Talk. Cambridge University Press, Oxford.

Meillet, A. (1903). Review of michel breal, essai de semantique: science de significations, 3e edition revue, corrigee et augmentee. L-¡-¯Annee Sociologique, 8:640.641.

Meltzoff, A. N. (1995). Understanding the intentions of others: Re-enactment of intended acts by 18-month-old children. Development Psychology, 31:838.850.

Meltzoff, A. N. (1996). The human infant as imitative generalist: A 20-year progress report on infant imitation with implications for comparative psychology. In Heyes, C. M. and Galef, B. G., editors, Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture, pages 347.370. Academia Press.

Menn, L. and Matthei, E. H. (1992). The -¡-°two lexicon-¡-- account of child phonology: Looking back and looking ahead. In Ferguson, C. A., Menn, L., and Stoel-Gammon, C., editors, Phonological Development: Models, Research, Implications. York Press, Timonium, MD.

Miller, G. A. and Gildea, P. (1987). How children learn words. Scientific American, September.

Milroy, L. (1987). Language and Social Networks. Blackwell, Oxford, New Yrok, second edition.

Minett, J. W. and Wang, W. S.-Y. (2003). Language death and maintenance. Manuscript, Language Engineering Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong.

Mithun, M. (1988). The grammaticization of coordination. In Haiman and Thompson, editors, Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse, pages 331.359. John Benjamins, Amsterdam.

Moore, B. R. (1996). The evolution of imitative learning. In Heyes, C. M. and Galef, B. G., editors, Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture, pages 246.265. Academia Press.

Morgan, M. S. (1999). Learning from models. In Morgan, M. S. and Morrison, M., editors, Models as Mediators: Perspectives on Natural and Social Science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York.

Mufwene, S. S. (2001). The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York.

Mufwene, S. S. (2002). Competition and selection in language evolution. Selection, 3(1):45.56.

Munroe, S. and Cangelosi, A. (2003). Learning and the evolution of language: The role of cultural variation and learning costs in the baldwin effect. Artificial Life, 8(4):311.339.

Nelson, K. (1973). Structure and Strategy in Learning to Talk. Society for Research in Child Development. Monographs 38, 1-2, Serial No. 149. Reprinted in part in Mussen, Conger and Kagan, Readings in child development and personality, (3rd ed.). Harper & Row, 1975.

Nettle, D. (1995). Segmental inventory size, word length, and communication efficiency. Linguistics, 33:359.367.

Nettle, D. (1998). Coevolution of phonology and the lexicon in twelve languages of West Africa. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 5(3):240.245.

Nettle, D. (1999a). Is the rate of linguistic change constant? Lingua, 108:119.136.

Nettle, D. (1999b). Linguistic Diversity. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Nettle, D. (1999c). Using Social Impact Theory to simulate language change. Lingua, 108:95.117.

Newman, A., Pancheva, R., Ozawa, K., Neville, H., and Ullman, M. (2001). An eventrelated fmri study of syntactic and semantic violations. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30(3):339.364.

Newman, M. E. J. (2003). The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review, 45:167.256.

Newman, M. E. J. and Girvan, M. (2003). Mixing patterns and community structure in networks. In Pastor-Satorras, R., Rubi, J., and Diaz-Guilera, A., editors, Statistical Mechanics of Complex Networks. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Newman, M. E. J. and Park, J. (2003). Why social networks are different from other types of networks. Physical Review E, 68(036122).

Newmeyer, F. J. (1991). Functional explanation in linguistics and the origins of language. Language and Communication, 11(1):3.28.

Newmeyer, F. J. (2003). Grammar is grammar and usage is usage. Language, 79:682. 707.

Newport, E. L. and Aslin, R. N. (2004). Learning at a distance: I. statistical learning of non-adjacent dependencies. Cognitive Psychology, 48:127.162.

Newport, E. L., Hauser, M. D., Spaepen, G., and Aslin, R. N. (2004). Learning at a distance: Ii. statistical learning of non-adjacent dependencies in a non-human primate. Cognitive Psychology. in press.

Nichols, J. (1992). Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.

Nishimura, T., Mikami, A., Suzuki, J., and Matsuzawa, T. (2003). Descent of the larynx in chimpanzee infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 100(12):6930.6933.

Niyogi, P. (2002). Theories of cultural evolution and their application to language evolution. In Briscoe, E. J., editor, Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models, Chapter 7. Cambridge University Press.

Niyogi, P. and Berwick, R. C. (1997). Evolutionary consequences of language learning. Journal of Linguistics and Philosophy, 20:697.719.

Niyogi, P. and Surendran, D. (2003). Measuring the functional load of phonological contrasts. Technical report, Chicago University.

Nowak, A., Szamrej, J., and Latane, B. (1990). From private attitude to public opinion: A dynamical theory of social impact. Psychological Review, 97:362.376.

Nowak, M., Plotkin, J. B., and Krakauer, D. C. (1999). The evolutionary language game. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 200:147.162.

Nowak, M. A., Komarova, N. L., and Niyogi, P. (2001). The evolution of universal grammar. Science, 291:114.118.

Ogura, M. (1993). The development of periphrastic do in English, a case of lexical diffusion in syntax. Diachronica, X:51.85.

Ogura, M. and Wang, W. S.-Y. (1996). Snowball effect in lexical diffusion: The development of -s in the third person singular present indicative in English. In Britton, D., editor, English Historica Linguistics 1994: Papers from the 8th International Congress on English Historical Linguistics, pages 119.141. John Benjamins, Amsterdam.

Ogura, M. and Wang, W. S.-Y. (2004). Dynamic dialectology and complex adaptive system. In Dossena, M. and Lass, R., editors, Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology. Peter Lang, Bern.

Ohala, J. (1993). The phonetics of sound change. In Jones, C., editor, Historical Linguistics: Problems and Perspectives, pages 237.278. Longman, London.

Oliphant, M. (1997). Formal Approaches to Innate and Learned Communication: Laying the Foundation for Language. PhD thesis, Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego.

Oliphant, M. and Batali, J. (1997). Learning and the emergence of coordinated communication. The Newsletter of the Center for Research in Language, 11(1).

Olson, D. R. (1977). The formalization of linguistic rules. In Macnamara, J., editor, Language Learning and Thought, pages 111.116. Academia Press, New York.

Oudeyer, P.-Y. (2002). Phonemic coding might result from sensory-motor coupling dynamics. In Hallam, B., Floreano, D., Hallam, J., Hayes, G., and Meyer, J. A., editors, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, pages 406.416. MIT Press, Edinburgh.

Oudeyer, P.-Y. (2003). L-¡-¯auto-organisation de la Parole. PhD thesis, University Paris VI.

Pan, P. G. (1981). Prestige forms and phonological variation in Hong Kong Cantonese speech. Master thesis, University of Hong Kong.

Parisi, D. (1997). An artificial life approach to language. Brain and Language, 59(1):121.146.

Paul, H. (1880). Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte. Niemeyer, Halle.

Phillips, B. S. (1984). Word frequency and the actuation of sound change. Language, 60:320.342.

Piattelli-Palmarini, M. (1989). Evolution, selection and cognition: from -¡-°learning-¡-- to parameter setting in biology and the study of language. Cognition, 31:1.44.

Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2001). Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition and contrast. In Bybee, J. L. and Hopper, P., editors, Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure (eds.). Benjamins, Amsterdam.

Pine, J. M. (1994). The language of primary caregivers. In Galloway, C. and Richards, B. J., editors, Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition, pages 15.37. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct. William Morrow, New York.

Pinker, S. (1999). Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. Basic Books, New York.

Pinker, S. and Bloom, P. (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13:707.784.

Pinker, S. and Prince, A. (1988). On language and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition. Cognition, 28:73.193.

Pinker, S. and Ullman, M. T. (2002). The past and future of the past tense. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(11):456.463.

Plunkett, K. and Marchman, V. (1991). U-shaped learning and frequency effects in a multilayered perception: imiplications for child language acquistion. Cognition, 38:43.102.

Popper, K. R. (1980). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson, London.

Premack, D. and Premack, A. (2003). Original Intelligence: Unlocking the Mystery of Who We Are. McGraw-Hill, New York ; London.

Premack, D. and Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a -¡-°theory of mind?-¡--. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4:515.526.

Pribram, K. H. (1981). Languages of the Brain: Experimental Paradoxes and Principles in Neuropsychology. Brandon House, New York.

Pribram, K. H. and King, J. (1996). Learning as Self-organization. L. Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, N.J.

Prigogine, I. (1980). From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences. W. H. Freeman, New York.

Pulvermuller, F. (1998). On the matter of rules: past tense formation and its significance for cognitive neuroscience. Network: Computational Neural Systems, 9:R1. R52.

Quine, W. V. O. (1960). Word and Object. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Ramachandran, V. S. and Hubbard, E. M. (2001). Synaesthesia a window into perception, thought and language. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8:3.34.

Ravasz, E. and Barabasi, A.-L. (2003). Hierarchical organization in complex networks. Physicial Review E, 67.

Redford, M. A., Chen, C. C., and Miikkulainen, R. (2001). Constrained emergence of universals and variation in syllable systems. Language and Speech, 44:27.56.

Rendell, L. and Whitehead, H. (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(2):309.382.

Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., and Fogassi, L. (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research, 3:131.141.

Roberts, J. (2002). Child language variation. In Chambers, J., Trudgill, P., and Schilling-Estes, N., editors, The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, pages 333.348. Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford, UK.

Romaine, S. (1992). The evolution of linguistic complexity in pidgin and creole languages. In Hawkins, J. A. and Gell-Mann, M., editors, The Evolution of Human Languages, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Ross, J. R. (1979). Where's English. In Fillmore, C. J., Kempler, D., and Wang, W. S.-Y., editors, Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior, pages 127.166. Academic Press.

Rumelhart, D. E. and McClelland, J. L. (1986). On the learning of the past tenses of English verbs. In Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., and the PDP Group, editors, Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Volume 2: Psychological and Biological Models. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., and the PDP Group (1986). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Volume 2: Psychological and Biological Models. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Saeed, J. I. (1997). Semantics. Blackwell Pub., Malden, MA.

Sagart, L. (1999). The Roots of Old Chinese. John Benjamins Pub. Co., Amsterdam; Philadelphia.

Sankoff, D. and Labov, W. (1979). On the uses of variable rules. Language in Society, 8(2):189.222.

Sankoff, D. and Lessard, R. (1975). Vocabulary richness: A sociolinguistic analysis. Science, 190:689.690.