a Gomez, R.L. and Gerken, L. (2000) Infant artificial language learning and language acquisition. Trends Cognit. Sci. 4, 178--186

b Saffran, J.R. et al. (1996) Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science 274, 1926--1928

c Dominey, P.F. and Ramus, F. (2000) Neural network processing of natural language: I. Sensitivity to serial, temporal and abstract structure of language in the infant. Lang. Cognit. Processes 15, 87--127

d Cairns, P. et al. (1997) Bootstrapping word boundaries: a bottom-up corpus-based approach to speech segmentation. Cognit. Psychol. 33, 111--153

e Christiansen, M.H. et al. (1998) Learning to segment using multiple cues: A connectionist model. Lang. Cognit. Processes 13, 221--268

f Saffran, J.R. (2001) The use of predictive dependencies in language learning. J. Mem. Lang. 44, 493--515

g Elman, J.L. (1991) Distributed representation, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical structure. Machine Learn. 7, 195--225

h Christiansen, M.H. and Chater, N. (1999) Toward a connectionist model of recursion in human linguistic performance. Cognit. Sci. 23, 157--205

i Patel, A.D. et al. (1998) Processing syntactic relations in language and music: an event-related potential study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 10, 717--733

j Maess, B. et al. (2001) Musical syntax is processed in Broca's area: an MEG study. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 540--545

a Bard, K.A. and Russel, C.L. (1999) Evolutionary foundations of imitation: social, cognitive and developmental aspects of imitative processes in non-human primates. In Imitation in Infancy (Nadel, J. and Butterworth, G., eds), pp. 89--123, Cambridge University Press

b Lock,A. and Colombo, M. (1996) Cognitive abilities in a comparative perspective. In Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution (Lock, A. and Peters, C.R., eds), pp. 596--643, Clarendon Press

c Premack, D. (1983) The codes of man and beasts. Behav. Brain Sci. 6, 125--167

d Hauser, M. (2000) Homologies for numerical memory span? Trends Cognit. Sci. 4, 127--128

1 Tomasello, M. (2000) Primate cognition: introduction to the issue. Cognit. Sci. 24, 351--361

2 De Lillo, C. (1996) The serial organisation of behaviour by non-human primates; an evaluation of experimental paradigms. Behav. Brain Res. 81, 1--17

3 Terrace, H.S. and McGonigle, B. (1994) Memory and representation of serial order by children, monkeys, and pigeons. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 3, 180--185

4 Custance, D. et al. (1999) Social learning of an artificial fruit task in Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). J. Comp. Psychol. 113, 13--23

5 Whiten,A. (1998) Imitation of the sequential structure of actions by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psychol. 112, 270--281

6 Whiten,A. et al. (1996) Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psychol. 110, 3--14

7 Ohshiba, N. (1997) Memorization of serial items by Japanese monkeys, a chimpanzee, and humans. Jap. Psychol. Res. 39, 236--252

8 Biro, D. and Matsuzawa, T. (1999) Numerical ordering in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): planning, executing, and monitoring. J. Comp. Psychol. 113, 178--185

9 Matsuzawa, T. (1985) Use of numbers by a chimpanzee. Nature 315, 57--59

10 Chen, S. et al. (1997) Knowledge of the ordinal position of list items in rhesus monkeys. Psychol. Sci. 8, 80--86

11 Orlov, T. et al. (2000) Macaque monkeys categorize images by their ordinal number. Nature 404, 77--80

12 Boysen, S.T. et al. (1993) Processing of ordinality and transitivity by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psychol. 107, 208--215

13 Ebenholtz, S.M. (1963) Serial learning: position learning and sequential associations. J. Exp. Psychol. 66, 353--362

14 Swartz, K.B. et al. (1991) Serial learning by rhesus monkeys: I. Acquisition and retention of multiple four-item lists. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 17, 396--410

15 Swartz, K.B. et al. (2000) Serial learning by rhesus monkeys: II. Learning four-item lists by trial and error. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 26, 274--285

16 Kawai, N. and Matsuzawa, T. (2000) Numerical memory span in a chimpanzee. Nature 403, 39--40

17 Saffran, J.R. et al. (1996) Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science 274, 1926--1928

18 Kelly, M.H. and Martin, S. (1994) Domain-general abilities applied to domain-specific tasks: sensitivity to probabilities in perception, cognition, and language. Lingua 92, 105--140

19 Hauser, M.D. et al. (2001) Segmentation of the speech stream in a non-human primate: statistical learning in cotton-top tamarins. Cognition 78, B53--B64

20 Gomez, R.L. and Gerken, L.A. (2000) Infant artificial language learning and language acquisition. Trends Cognit. Sci. 4, 178--186

21 Cohen,A. et al. (1990)Attention and structure in sequence learning. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cognit. 16, 17--30

22 Gobet, F. et al. (2001) Chunking mechanisms in human learning. Trends Cognit. Sci. 5, 236--243

23 Newell,A. and Simon, H.A. (1972) Human Problem Solving, Prentice-Hall

24 Jordan, M.I. and Rosenbaum, D.A. (1990) Action. In Foundations of Cognitive Science, (Posner, M.I., ed.), pp. 727--767, MIT Press

25 Dawkins, R. (1976) Hierarchical organization: a candidate principle for ethology. In Growing Points in Ethology (Bateson, P.P.G. and Hinde, R.A., eds), Cambridge University Press

26 Greenfield, P.M. (1991) Language, tools and brain: the ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. Behav. Brain Sci. 14, 531--595

27 Calvin, W.H. and Bickerton, D. (2000) Lingua ex Machina: Reconciling Darwin and Chomsky with the Human Brain, MIT Press

28 Terrace, H. (2001) Chunking and serially organized behavior in pigeons, monkeys and humans. In Avian Visual Cognition (Cook, R.G., ed.), [Available online: www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/terrace/]

29 Byrne, R.W. and Russon,A.E. (1998) Learning by imitation: a hierarchical approach. Behav. Brain Sci. 21, 667--721

30 Langer, J. et al. (1998) Developing classification in action: I. Human infants. Hum. Evol. 13, 107--124

31 Spinozzi, G. and Langer, J. (1999) Spontaneous classification in action by a human-enculturated and language-reared bonobo (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psychol. 113, 286--296

32 Spinozzi, G. et al. (1998) Developing classification in action: II. Young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Hum. Evol. 13, 125--139

33 Johnson-Pynn, J. et al. (1999) Strategies used to combine seriated cups by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), bonobos (Pan paniscus), and capuchins (Cebus apella). J. Comp. Psychol. 113, 137--148

34 Greenfield, P.M. et al. (1972) The development of rulebound strategies for manipulating seriated cups: a parallel between action and grammar. Cognit. Psychol. 3, 291--310

35 Lock,A. and Colombo, M. (1996) Cognitive abilities in a comparative perspective. In Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution (Lock, A. and Peters, C.R., eds), pp. 596--643, Clarendon Press

36 Hauser, M. (2000) Homologies for numerical memory span? Trends Cognit. Sci. 4, 127--128

37 Curran, T. (1998) Implicit sequence learning from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: what, how, and where? In Handbook of Implicit Learning (Stadler, M.A. and Frensch, P.A., eds), pp. 365--400

38 Clegg, B.A. et al. (1998) Sequence learning. Trends Cognit. Sci. 2, 275--281

39 Barone, P. and Joseph, J-P. (1989) Prefrontal cortex and spatial sequencing in macaque monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 78, 447--464

40 Mushiake, H. et al. (1991) Neuronal activity in the primate premotor, supplementary, and precentral motor cortex during visually guided and internally determined sequential movements. J. Neurophysiol. 66, 705--718

41 Hikosaka, O. et al. (1996) Activation of human presupplementary motor area in learning of sequential procedures: a functional MRI study. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 617--621

42 Nakamura, K. et al. (1998) Neuronal activity in medial frontal cortex during learning of sequential procedures. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 2671--2687

43 Newport, E.L. and Aslin, R.N. (2000) Innately constrained learning: Blending old and new approaches to language acquisition. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (Howell, S.C. et al., eds), pp. 1--21, Cascadilla Press

44 Ramus, F. et al. (2000) Language discrimination by human newborns and by cotton-top tamarin monkeys. Science 288, 349--351

45 Werker, J.F. and Vouloumanos,A. (2000) Who's got rhythm? Science 288, 280--281

46 Jusczyk, P. and Aslin, R. (1995) Infants' detection of the sound patterns of words in fluent speech. Cognit. Psychol. 29, 1--23