[1] Cangelosi A. (1999). Modeling the evolution of communication: From stimulus associations to grounded symbolic associations. In D. Floreano et at (eds), Proceeding of the Fifth European Conference on Artificial Life, Losanne.

[2] Cangelosi A. & Parisi D. (1998). The emergence of a "language" in an evolving population of neural networks. Connection Science, 10(2): 83-97.

[3] Deacon T.W. (1997). The symbolic species: The coevolution of language and human brain, London: Penguin.

[4] Di Paolo, E. (1997). Social coordination and spatial organisation: Steps toward the evolution of communication. Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[5] Denaro D. & Parisi D. (1997). Cultural evolution in a population of neural networks. Proceedings of the 8th Italian Workshop on Neural Nets, Vietri sul Mare, 100-111.

[6] Greenfield P.M. & Savage-Rumbaugh S. (1990). Grammatical combination in Pan paniscus: Process of learning and invention in the evolution and development of language. In S.T. Parker & K.R. Gibson (eds), Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes, Cambridge University Press, 540-579.

[7] Harnad S. (1990). The Symbol Grounding Problem. Physica D 42: 335-346

[8] Kirby S. & Hurford J. (1997). Learning, culture and evolution in the origin of linguistic constraints. In P. Husband & I. Harvey (eds). Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life, London: MIT Press

[9] Parisi D., Cecconi F. & Nolfi S. (1990). ECONETS: Neural networks that learn in an environment. Network, 1: 149-168.

[10] Saunders, G.M., & Pollack, J.B. (1996). The evolution of communication schemes over continuous channels. Proceedings of the SAB'96 Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[11] Savage-Rumbaugh, S. & Rumbaugh, D.M. (1978). Symbolization, language, and Chimpanzees: A theoretical reevaluation on Initial language acquisition processes in four Young Pan troglodytes. Brain and Language, 6: 265-300.

[12] Steels L. (1997). Self-organising vocabularies. In C.G. Langton & K. Shimohara (eds), Proceedings of the ALIFE V conference, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 179-184.

[13] Steels, L. (1997) The synthetic modeling of language origins. Evolution of Communication, 1(1).

[14] Steels L. & Vogt P. (1997). Grounding adaptive language games in robotic agents. In P. Husband & I. Harvey (eds). Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life, London: MIT Press