[1] R. Lass, Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1997).

[2] L. Steels, Evolution of Communication 1, 1-34 (1997).

[3] S. Kirby, Artificial Life 8, 185-215 (2002).

[4] L. Steels, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 1, 1, 169-194 (1998).

[5] S. Staab, Emergent Semantics. IEEE Intelligent Systems 17, 78-86 (2002).

[6] T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler and O. Lassila, Scientific American, May (2001).

[7] L. Steels, Trends in Cognitive Science 7, 308 (2003).

[8] J. Hurford, Lingua 77, 187 (1989).

[9] M. A. Nowak, J. B. Plotkin and J. D. Krakauer, J. Theor. Biol. 200, 147 (1999).

[10] P. Niyogi and R. Berwick, Linguistics and Philosophy 20, 697-719 (1997).

[11] K. Smith, S. Kirby and H. Brighton, Artificial Life, 9(4), 371--386 (2003).

[12] L. Steels, Artificial Life Journal 2, 319 (1995).

[13] F. Matsen, and M. A. Nowak, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 52, 18053-18057 (2004).

[14] K.-H. Best, Glottometrics 6 (2003), 9-34. And Glottometrics 2, 11-16 (2002).

[15] H. K˜orner, Glottometrics 2, 82-86 (2002).

[16] B. Bollobas, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 286, 257 (1984).

V. F. Kolchin, Theory Probab. and its Appl. 31, 439 (1986).

T. Luczak, Random Structures and Algorithms 1, 287 (1990).

[17] R. M. Burton, and M. Keane, Comm. Math.Phys. 121, 501 (1989).

[18] E. J. Gumbel, Statistics of Extremes (Columbia University Press, New York, 1958).

[19] G. K. Zipf, Selective Studies and the Principle of Relative Frequency in Language (Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1932).

[20] N. Johnson and S. Kotz, Urn model and their applications: an approach. to Modern discrete probability theory (Wiley, New York, 1977). For recent results see:

R. Ferrer i Cancho and V.D.P. Servedio, Glottometrics 11, 1-8 (2005). And

F. Chung, S. Handjani and D. Jungreis, Annals of combinatorics 7, 141 (2003).

[21] See P. Bialas, Z. Burda and D. Johnston, Nucl.Phys. B 493, 505 (1997) and references therein.